|
''Calostoma'' is a genus of 29 species of gasteroid fungi in the suborder Sclerodermatineae. Like other gasteroid fungi, ''Calostoma'' do not have the spore discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round, orange to red gelatinous puffballs on thick stalks, species have been collected in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests. They have a worldwide distribution, including eastern North America, Asia, and Australasia. The common name given to some species, "prettymouth", alludes to the bright red fruit bodies with openings that may somewhat resemble lips. The unusual fruit body structure has historically led mycologists to suggest various classification schemes based on presumed relationships to other puffball or "stomach mushrooms". Phylogenetic analyses performed in the 2000s show the genus to be evolutionarily related to the Bolete mushrooms. ''Calostoma'' species are ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with trees from various families. The type species, ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'', is ectomycorrhizal with oak. ==Taxonomy== The original genus description, based on the type species ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' (synonymous with ''cinnabarina''), was published by French botanist Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1809.〔 Before the advent of modern genetic analysis, the ''Calostoma'' was considered to be part of the Gasteromycetes, a grouping of fungi with enclosed spore-bearing structures. Specifically, it was classified in the order of stalked puffballs,〔 although some mycologists have suggested that the genus ''Calostoma'' should be merged with ''Tulostoma''〔 (xerophilic stalked puffballs), ''Scleroderma''〔 (hard puffballs), ''Geastrum''〔 (earthstars), or ''Pseudocolus''〔 (stinkhorns). Some authors have placed ''Calostoma'' in its own family, the Calostomataceae.〔〔〔 In the 2000s, a phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences helped to clarify the phylogeny of ''Calostoma''. Using the species ''C. cinnabarinum'' and ''C. ravenelli'' as representative examples, the research showed the genus evolutionarily related to the monophyletic Boletales clade, and separate from clades containing most of the gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stalked puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns and non-bolete Gasteromycetes.〔 ''Calostoma'' belongs to the suborder Sclerodermatineae in the Boletales order. The Boletales comprise the following genera: ''Boletinellus'', ''Calostoma'', ''Gyroporus'', ''Phlebopus'', ''Pisolithus'', ''Scleroderma'', and ''Veligaster''.〔 ''Calostoma'' is thought to have diverged evolutionarily from the other Boletales between 52–115 million years ago.〔 The genus name ''Calostoma'' is derived from the Greek ''kallos'' or "beauty", and ''stoma'' (στóμα) or "mouth"; similarly, several species are referred to in the vernacular as "prettymouths". In Korea, it is called ''Yongi'', or "red cheeks".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Calostoma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|